• Author : David M. Allison, Stephen Herzog, and Jiyoung Ko
• Publication : Journal of Conflict Resolution
• Publisher : Sage
• Volume : 66(10)
• Date : November, 2022

Abstract : How robust is public support for extended nuclear deterrence in patron and client states? Recent studies have improved scholarly understanding of US public opinion about nuclear weapon use against non-nuclear adversaries. Yet, there is limited knowledge of public attitudes regarding retaliation for nuclear strikes against US allies. We develop a theoretical typology of nuclear crises and investigate this phenomenon with a novel survey experiment (n = 6,623). Americans, Japanese, and South Koreans viewed realistic emergency alert messages about a most-likely case for nuclear retaliation: a North Korean missile attack on a US ally protected by the nuclear umbrella. Support for nuclear retaliation is low in all three countries, with important cross-national differences. Favorability increases with North Korean nuclear first-use, but it remains limited nonetheless. Surprisingly, US “tripwire” troop casualties do not increase Americans’ demands for nuclear retaliation. These findings have important implications for the study of nuclear crises and practice of extended deterrence.

• Author : Chiwon Choi
• Publication : The Korean Review of Political Thought
• Publisher : Korean Society For Political Thought
• Volume : 28(2)
• Date : November 2022

Abstract: In Germany’s historical time and space, especially the German Romanticism and the tradition of Historicism and the Historical School that is developed in a close relation with German Romanticism, Weber’s thought is formed and given its characteristics. This tradition is symbolized by the relationship between philosophy and history, and is particularly characterized by the rebellion of history against philosophy. In Weber’s thought, the philosophical moments unfold as a dual moment of acceptance of Kant and rejection of Hegel. The latter aspect has a decisive meaning in understanding the character and status of his thought. For Weber, regardless of his own intentions and thus paradoxically, is unable to completely dislodge from his thoughts the moment of Romanticism which he himself tried to deny in the spirit of a rational scholar and researcher. The point is that if Romanticism is born out of a reaction against philosophy, and thus rejects philosophy and put history to the fore as an antithesis to it, Weber’s thought is also located in such frame. In short, although Weber’s thought can be clearly distinguished from Romanticism and has especially no relation to the conservative reactionism of the German Political Romanticism, when it comes to rejecting philosophy and accepting history, Romanticism is revealed as a distant source of his thought. This problem needs to be studied in detail in the context of the historical school and historicism.

• Author : Nam Kyu Kim
• Publication : Euporean Political Science Review
• Publisher : Cambridge University Press
• Volume : 14(4)
• Date : November, 2022

Abstract : This article explores how women’s descriptive representation affects legal gender equality of economic opportunity. Building on existing studies on women’s descriptive and substantive representation, we argue that as the proportion of female legislators and ministers increases, legal gender equality of economic opportunity improves. Additionally, we expect that a country’s institutional context significantly shapes the influence of women in different positions of power on legal gender equality. The higher the legislature’s law-making power, the greater the effect of female legislators on legal gender equality; under the same condition, its relative influence compared to female cabinet ministers is also greater. Similarly, we hypothesize that the higher the level of democracy, the more effective female legislators compared to female ministers. To test these arguments, we draw on the database that provides cross-national information on legal discrimination against women in economic opportunities and provide supporting evidence for our arguments.

• Author : Hyun-Jin Cha
• Publication : The Journal of International Relations
• Publisher : The East Asian Association Of International Studies
• Volume : 25(3)
• Date : October 2022

Abstract:  This paper aims to analyze the effects of protests on public opinion. This research analyzes how Occupy Wall Street (OWS) from the United States in 2011 affects public opinions about economic crisis. This paper argues that individuals differently evaluate the cause of economic crisis depending on their preferences of the OWS. That is, an individual who favors to OWS is likely to hold for the OWS the Republicans and the former President Bush more accountable than the Democrats and the then President Obama. This is because the protest’s slogan, “we are 99%,” makes people aware of the fundamental inequality between the rich and the poor. The empirical findings from the 2011-2012 American National Election Studies (ANES) demonstrated the main hypotheses. This paper contributes on the effects of social movements on public opinion which has been overlooked by existing literature.

• Author : Sung Eun Kim and Sujin Cha
• Publication : The Review of International Organizations
• Publisher : Springer
• Volume : 17(4)
• Date : October, 2022

Abstract : Do voters reward politicians for trade liberalization? We examine this question by analyzing voter responses in South Korea to the US-Korea Trade Agreement. Exploiting a change in party positions on the FTA over time, we examine the effects of different party positions on outcomes in the legislative and presidential elections. We find that voters who expect direct gains (losses) specifically from the treaty increase (decrease) support for the pro-trade party. However, voters in export-oriented industries do not reward politicians for a free trade agreement that does not directly affect their well-being. Our analysis of seven waves of individual-level panel survey data also demonstrates that a short-term change in a candidate’s position on the FTA influences voter decisions in the upcoming presidential election. The findings suggest that voter preferences with regard to trade can materialize into voting behavior when voters have a clear ex ante expectation of specific gains or losses from the trade policy.

• Author : Iordanka Alexandrova, Sunwoo Paek
• Publication : Korean Journal of International Relations
• Publisher : The Korean Association Of International Studies
• Volume : 62(3)
• Date : September 2022

Abstract : This article examines the changes in Russia’s nuclear strategy from the Cold War to present day. In the 1950s and mid-1960s, the only strategy available to the Soviet Union was asymmetric escalation relying on nuclear first use. From 1965 to the end of the Cold War, Moscow adopted assured retaliation strategy threatening nuclear reprisal to deter nuclear attacks. During the post-Cold War period from 1991 to 2010, it reverted to a strategy of asymmetric escalation. Since 2010, however, Russia’s strengthened conventional power has enabled it to begin a turn back to assured retaliation. These shifts in Moscow’s nuclear strategy have been determined by changes in the Soviet Union/Russia’s military capabilities and Soviet/Russian leadership’s strategic thinking about the usefulness of nuclear weapons in war. The article calls into question the view that Russia has adopted a brinkmanship strategy characterized by a low nuclear threshold.

• Author : Jiyoung Ko
• Publication : International Studies Quarterly
• Publisher : Oxford University Press
• Volume : 66(3)
• Date : September 2022

Abstract : In the field of international relations, it has long been believed that nationalism generates adverse foreign policy preferences. This article revisits this long-standing assumption by investigating how stimulating nationalistic sentiments shapes mass foreign policy preferences in two contexts, namely when celebrating national achievements and greatness with a focus on the national Self and when invoking negative historical memories in relation to a salient Other. Using a survey experiment conducted in China, which capitalized on visual stimuli drawn from real-world sources to stoke respondents’ nationalistic sentiments, this article shows that not all rises of nationalism are the same. Adverse foreign policy preferences, such as a preference for a hawkish approach, an uncompromising attitude, and a dislike for the status quo, emerge when nationalistic sentiments are stoked by invoking negative historical memories but not by celebrating general national achievements and greatness.

• Author : Woo Chang Kang, Do Won Kim, Joonmo Kang
• Publication : Korean Political Science Review
• Publisher : The Korean Political Science Association
• Volume : 56(4)
• Date : September 2022

Abstract: How do candidates’ appearance affect election outcomes? Under bounded rationality, voters use a variety of heuristics in their political decision-making. Previous studies have found mixed evidence on whether candidates’ appearances, particularly their smiles, serve as heuristics and influence election outcomes. In this regard, this study investigates the effect of smiles on vote shares using election posters of candidates running in South Korean local elections. The candidate’s smile, as measured by Microsoft Azure, increased the vote share by 1.5 to 2.6%p. The size and statistical significance of the smile effect varied depending on the electoral competitiveness and number of candidates. Overall, this study shows that candidates’ smiles help them win votes in specific electoral contexts.