Author : Nam Kyu Kim Journal : DEMOCRATIZATION -ILFORD- Publisher : Taylor & Francis Volume : Vol.24 No.1 Date : 2020.07 Abstract : Why do some countries have fewer women in parliament than do others? Recent studies find that women have less access to positions of political power in countries facing external threats. Existing studies, however, do not differentiate between types of threat. We theorize that territorial threats are a particular driver of gender inequality in national parliaments. When a country’s land is under threat, people prefer having “tough” representatives in the national legislature who are competent on the military and defence more so than when a country faces other threats. Moreover, when countries face territorial threats, they build larger standing armies and adopt military conscription, raising the level of militarization in society, which negatively influences women’s access to the national legislature. Using a time-series cross-sectional data set of 101 democracies, we⋯

Author :  Woo Chang Kang, Jae Seung Lee, and BK Song Journal : Social Indicators Research Publisher : Springer Volume : 150(2) Publication Date : July 2020 DOI: 10.1007/s11205-020-02339-2  Abstract : This paper examines how economic inequality at the local level affects individuals’ subjective well-being (SWB) through social comparison in Seoul, South Korea. We implement a multi-level analysis combining asset inequality, calculated using the actual transaction prices of apartments, and public opinion surveys conducted by Seoul Metropolitan City between 2008 and 2016. Our analysis shows that inequality negatively affects SWB among respondents whose family income is lower than the median (the envy effect), but drives up SWB among the other half (the pride effect). Further analysis on the effect of inequality on subjective class awareness corroborates a social comparison mechanism: the haves embrace an upper-class awareness as local inequality increases, while the have-nots embrace a lower class awareness. These findings⋯

Author :  Sung Eun Kim, S. P. Harish, Ryan Kennedy, Xiaomeng Jin, and Johannes Urpelainen Journal : Journal of Environment & Development Publisher : Sage Publications Volume : 29(2) Publication Date : June 2020 DOI : 10.1177/1070496519888252 Abstract : Air pollution is a pressing problem of public health for developing countries, but governments have few incentives to abate air pollution without public awareness of the issue. Focusing on the case of Vietnam, we examine the determinants of public awareness of air pollution. Using representative survey data for the entire country from 2017, we find that local exposure to air pollution increases public awareness and reduces satisfaction with governments but does not provoke opposition to coal-fired power generation. In contrast, education leads people to oppose coal-fired power plants. These results suggest that while local air pollution contributes to awareness and dissatisfaction with the government, support for effective policy measures depends on⋯

Author :  Dong-Hun Kim Journal : 21st Century Political Science Review Publisher : The 21st Century Political Science Association Volume : 30(2) Publication Date : June 2020 DOI: 10.17937/topsr.30.2.202006.147 Abstract : The article examines the effects of electoral system on the propensity to open up the government procurement market to foreign competition. Foreign discrimination in government procurement market is an non-tariff barrier that has different political dynamics compared to the conventional trade barriers. In a public procurement market, unlike in private markets, a government faces different incentives because it is also a market participant as well as a market regulator. By focusing on this dilemma, this article argues that various components of electoral system induce government to either open up or close the procurement market to foreign competition. Empirically, it finds support for the effects of district magnitude, allocation rule on the propensity to open up the procurement market.

Author :  Dong-Hun Kim,  Changwoong Yoon, Taegyun Lim  임태균 Journal : Korean Journal of Political Science Publisher : Korean Political Science Society Volume : 28(2) Publication Date : May 2020 DOI: 10.34221/KJPS.2020.28.2.9 Abstract : The paper examines public attitudes on the public educational policies in South Korea. Since 2000, the generational conflict became the most salient political cleavage in South Korea affecting not only elections but also various public policies. Building on the previous studies identifying strong generational effects on political attitudes, this study investigates the generational effects on public education policies, focusing on the millennial generation. Based on public opinion survey conducted in 2019, this paper finds that, in particular, the millennial generation in South Korea opposes the affirmative action policies and less likely to vote for the political parties that increase the public education spending. South Korea spends almost 12% of GDP on education but public education spending⋯

Author :  Xian Huang and Sung Eun Kim Journal : Governance Publisher : Wiley Volume : 33(2) Publication Date : 2020년 4월 DOI: 10.1111/gove.12433 Abstract : Authoritarian local leaders face two driving forces in social policymaking: top‐down pressure from the regime and bottom‐up motivations derived from local conditions. Existing studies recognize the importance of both forces, but remain unclear as to how they interact and which of them is more influential in driving local policy adoption. Focusing on two health insurance integration policies in China, we find that when the policy entails substantial class or distributive conflicts and bureaucratic friction, top‐down pressure for compliance is a dominant driver for local policy adoption; when the policy does not entail such conflicts or bureaucratic infighting, bottom‐up motivations based on local economic geography together with top‐down pressure drive local adoption. We find support for this argument from an analysis of an original city‐level⋯

Author : Seobin Han & Hyeok Yong Kwon Journal : Policy and Society Publisher : Taylor & Francis Volume : 39(2) Publication Date : 2020년 4월 DOI : https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2019.1699005 Abstract : While existing studies on redistribution politics provide explanations of ‘who’ supports redistribution, we know very little about who supports ‘what’ type of redistribution. This omission is unfortunate because government spending has diverse functions and impacts, which are not differentiated in existing research. By capturing individual preferences for specific types of government policy under conditions of unemployment, we assess how economic insecurity influences calls for government action. Building on the analytic distinction between social consumption and social investment, this study examined the role of unemployment in social policy preferences. First, the experience of unemployment drives individual demand for social consumption but reduces support for social investment. Second, income levels have a heterogeneous effect on social policy preferences. In other words, a high⋯

Author : Hun Joon Kim Journal : International Relations of the Asia-Pacific Publisher : Oxford University Press Volume : 20(1) Publication Date : 2020년 1월 DOI : 10.1093/irap/lcy020 Abstract : What are the prospects of U.S.-China relations in the area of human rights? Skeptics maintain that human rights is no longer an issue between the United States and China. A traditional understanding of U.S.–China relations ignores the role of norms, while the constructivist perspective recognizes their independent effects. This paper links the traditional understanding of power politics between the United States and China with the study of constructivist norm research. The three findings of constructivist norm theories are relevant and applied to predict the status of human rights in U.S.-China relations: the historical construction of norms, the long-term and multifaceted effects of norms, and the persistence of norms. Based on these theoretical predictions, it is expected that, although convergence is⋯

Authors : Chiwon Choi Journal : Zeitschrift der Koreanisch-Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Sozialwissenschaften Publisher : K-G Association For Social Sciences Volume : 29(4) Publication Date : December, 2019 Abstract : This paper re-presents ‘Max Weber’ as a political scientist and political thinker in the context of German intellectual and academic traditions. For Weber, politics is culture in a comprehensive sense. From Weber’s confrontation of ​the ‘autonomous logics’(Eigengesetzlichkeiten) of cultural modernity, a concept of political thoughts consisting of five elements, is derived. The core ls the third and fourth element. As the value domains within the ‘cultural modernity’ collide and conflict with each other while developing their own ‘autonomous logics’, so do the value domains within Weber’s thoughts. This is inevitable because Weber’s thoughts were influenced and shaped by various disciplines such as law, philosophy, theology, history, and economics. Weber’s theoretical and practical experience with real politics characterizes his thoughts of politics.⋯

Author : Sangsoo Lim and Iordanka Alexandrova Journal : JIAS Publisher : Institute of International Affairs Volume : 26(2) Publication Date : 2019년 12월 Abstract : What made possible the voluntary formation of the European Community? The answer to this question lies in the distribution of capabilities in Europe after the end of World War II. Centralized integration took place because three conditions occurred at the same time. First, the emergence of the Soviet Union as an overwhelming symmetrical common threat to France, West Germany, Italy, and the Benelux gave them incentive to cooperate. Second, the aggregate power of the threatened states was sufficient to counter the threat. Third, no single state within the balancing coalition was more powerful than all the others taken together. This allowed them to surrender decision-making authority over important economic sectors to supranational institutions without concern that these would be dominated by a single state.⋯